Why Are ATM Card PINs Usually Just 4-Digit Long?

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Unless you’ve been living under a rock, you surely have a bank account. And these days, that is synonymous with having an ‘ATM card’ or a debit/credit card. As you already know, in order to use such cards in ATMs or at POS (point of sale) terminals in grocery stores or supermarkets, you have to authenticate it using a unique 4-digit number known as a PIN (Personal Identification Number).

You have almost certainly observed another rather interesting thing about these PINs – the fact that they are usually just 4 digits in length. One would expect that the card PIN, which protects your entire bank account, and, in turn, stores your hard-earned money, would be much more complicated… but it’s not!

On the other hand, the numerous accounts that you have on the Internet usually urge you or even compel you to choose hard-to-guess passwords that consist of various special characters.
In fact, if you have access to the ‘Internet banking’ feature of the very same account, you’d know that the bank website makes it mandatory for you to choose a password that consists of at least one numeric digit and a special character. Also, many banks go a step further and make it mandatory for you to change your passwords every 2-3 months! Clearly, banks want to make sure that you choose a very ‘intelligent’ password for your online account, so why are most ATM card PINs (usually) just 4 digits long?

Methods of authentication
The major forms/techniques of security revolve around these three things: something you are, something you know and something you have.

In some places, you are granted/denied access to highly confidential areas following a retinal scan. Retinal tests, like fingerprint tests, tongue print tests etc. fall under the realm of biometrics (something you are).

Long?